Ni iyihe shusho nshya y'ifaranga?
Twese twifuza amafaranga kandi igitekerezo cyayo gishimishije cyane. Ntugire impungenge, ntituzakubabaza; tuzabigira byoroshye, bishimishije kandi byumvikana neza.
Reka dutangire n'iki kintu gishimishije: Wari uzi ko igiceri cya Mesopotamiya cyitwa shekeli ari cyo cya mbere cy'ifaranga cyamenyekanye? Cyavuye hafi imyaka 5,000 ishize. Amafaranga nk'uko tuyazi uyu munsi afatwa nk'ububiko bw'agaciro, igipimo cyo kubarirwaho, n'uburyo bwo guhanahana. Ni inyandiko igenzurwa cyangwa se ikintu dukoresha twishyura ibicuruzwa n'serivisi twahawe. Mu mateka yose, igitekerezo, ikoreshwa n'uburyo amafaranga agaragara byagiye bihinduka uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Mu bihe bya kera, abantu bahanahanaga ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu buryo bwa barter cyangwa guhana. Muri ubwo buryo, amafaranga yafatwaga nk'ikintu cy'ubucuruzi. Hanyuma haje kuvumburwa amasenyi n'ifeza byakozwe mu bice byari hagati ya 650 na 600 mbere ya Yesu. Aya mafaranga yabaye ingirakamaro cyane kuko yoroshye gutwara, aramba, yoroshye kubika no kubara, ashobora kuragwa kandi agapimwa. Ese ibiceri byashoboraga gukorwa mu buryo bw'impimbano? Yego! Ariko binyuze mu mahame ya Archimedes, ibiceri byashoboraga gupimwa uburemere bwabyo nyabwo, maze agaciro kabyo k'ukuri kakemezwa.
Nubwo ibiceri byari intambwe ikomeye, byagoraga cyane iyo byari ingano nyinshi, maze hongera habaho impinduka - amafaranga y'impapuro. Ukurikije igitabo cy'ibyagezweho cya Guinness World Records, ibanziriza amafaranga y'impapuro ya none ni "Flying Money" yakoreshwaga n'abacuruzi b'abakire n'abayobozi ba leta mu Bushinwa bw'Ingoma ya Tang (AD 618–907). Muri ubukungu, aya mafaranga afatwa nk'ifaranga ryemewe n'amategeko kuko ashyirwa ku isoko cyangwa agatangwa n'ubuyobozi bw'ifaranga cyangwa banki nkuru y'igihugu.
Amafaranga y'impapuro yaje guhinduka amafaranga y'inguzanyo - igikoresho cy'imari cyagenewe kwishyurwa mu gihe cyumvikanyweho. Mu yandi magambo, agaciro k'amafaranga y'inguzanyo ni umwenda. Wari uzi ko uwa mbere mu bahanga bo mu gihe cya none wateguye igitekerezo cy'inguzanyo nk'amafaranga ari Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902)? Koko, ni ubwenge bukomeye! Ubucuruzi n'imisoro byateje inshingano hagati y'impande zombi, zari uburyo bw'inguzanyo n'umwenda. Muri iki gihe, hari ibisubizo byinshi bifata uburyo bw'amafaranga. Hari amabaruwa y'inguzanyo, imari y'ubucuruzi, imari y'umutungo, n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi by'inguzanyo.
Iterambere ryageze ku mafaranga y'ikarita (plastic money) kuva mu myaka ya 1920. Nk'uko twese tubizi, mafaranga y'ikarita ni iterambere ku buryo gakondo bwa banki kuko yagabanyije ikiguzi cyo gutunganya ubucuruzi, yongera imikorere myiza yo kwishyura, serivisi z'imari, ndetse n'imikoranire hagati ya banki n'umukiriya. (Sathye, 1999). Ubu dufite amoko menshi y'ikarita z'amafaranga arimo ikarita y'inguzanyo, ikarita yo kubikuza, ikarita z'ikoranabuhanga (smart) n'izishyurwa mbere (prepaid). Ku bijyanye n'ibi, tuzi ko imibereho yawe irimo guhinduka kandi dufite ibisubizo bikubereye! Sura aho uzira ibintu byose ku makarita yose kugira ngo ahuze n'ibyo ukeneye mu by'imari/imibereho, kandi uyajyane aho ugiye hose: https://www.imbank.com/personal/cards Iyi shusho y'amafaranga ijyanye n'ibyo dukeneye mu buzima bwa none.
Mu isi yacu y'ubu igezweho, igitekerezo cy'amafaranga kizana ikibazo gikomeye - Amafaranga ni ibintu bigaragara cyangwa ni ibitagaragara? Wowe utekereza iki? Ukuri nyako ku ishusho y'amafaranga kukiri urujijo cyane cyane ubu tugana ku isi idakoresha amafaranga y'impapuro. Hari n'andi mafaranga atandukanye kandi akekwaho gukekwa nka cryptocurrencies - amakuru ya binary yagenewe gukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo guhanahana, ibyo bikaba bigenda bimenyekana buhoro buhoro. Hari kandi andi mafaranga ya digital azaza ndetse n'ikoranabuhanga mu by'imari (fintech) tutanamenya.
Amafaranga agena ubukungu, ubukungu bugena ibihugu, ibihugu bigena amateka. Bityo rero, ejo hazaza h'amafaranga ni ingenzi cyane. - Mark Carney. None tugana he? Mu nyandiko ya Eswar Prasad Tolani, Umwarimu Mukuru w'ishami ry'politiki y'ubucuruzi muri Cornell University, avuga ko amafaranga n'imari bigiye guhinduka cyane bigahindura uruhare rwabyo mu buzima bw'abantu basanzwe. Dutekereza ko twabonye udushya mu by'imari. Prasad abona iherezo ry'amafaranga y'impapuro. Isi y'imari iri ku nkombe y'impinduka zikomeye zizagera ku bigo, ku banki, ku bihugu, ndetse no kuri twese. Impinduka mu mafaranga zizahindura burundu uko abantu basanzwe babaho.
Kubera ko tuvuga ku mafaranga, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gushora imari nk'serivisi z'ububiko n'ishoramari, imigabane, ibihombo bidafite ingwate, gucunga umutungo, n'ibindi. Ni ngombwa rero kumenya uko amafaranga akora muri ubwo buryo butandukanye kugira ngo ufate icyemezo cyiza kandi kiboneye cyo gushora imari. Nk'umuntu w'umuhanga uri, shora gusa mu bintu usobanukiwe.
Icyakora, Turi kuruhande rwawe!
