Porogaramu mbi, izwi cyane nka “malware”, ni ubwoko bwa porogaramu za mudasobwa zagenewe gukora ku nyungu z'abandi atari nyir'iyo mudasobwa ibitseho. Nubwo ubwoko bwinshi bwa malware bwangiza, kwangiza amakuru cyangwa kubangamira nyir'imudasobwa ntibyo biranga malware by'ibanze. Akenshi ntumenya ko mudasobwa yawe yanduye malware. Ushobora kubona gusa imyitwarire idasanzwe rimwe na rimwe kuri mudasobwa yawe, ariko ukayirengagiza. Iyo mudasobwa yawe itangiye gukora mu buryo budasanzwe, ushobora kuba uri umuntu uri guhigwa n'ibyaha bikorerwa kuri interineti. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa porogaramu mbi zishobora kwinjira kuri mudasobwa yawe harimo ariko ntibigarukira ku bi bikurikira:
Virusi
Virusi ni yo ibonerwa cyane mu bwoko bwa malware. Ikiranga virusi ni uko ishobora kwigana ubwayo kugira ngo ikwire, kandi akenshi yifatira ku yindi porogaramu yemewe kandi ikoreshwa cyane, ikaba ari yo ikora nk'buto yo kuyifungura. Idosiye yayo na yo ikora nk'uburyo bwo gutwara virusi. Iyo virusi ifatiye ku dosiye y'umuziki, igihe cyose iyo dosiye yandukuriwe kuri disiki, ikarita y'ububiko cyangwa USB, virusi na yo ijyana na yo. Virusi kandi izajyana n'idosiye yanduye igihe yoherezwa binyuze kuri interineti. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda kwandurira kuri virusi ni ugushyiraho sisitemu y'antivirusi ishingiye ku bubiko bw'ibiranga buhora buvugururwa n'abakora porogaramu. Iyi mikorere yo kuvugurura ni igice cy'agaciro ka porogaramu ya antivirusi, bityo rero ugomba kwita ko sisitemu yawe igezweho igihe cyose.
Icyurube
Ibyurube bisa cyane na virusi. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya virusi n'icyurube ni uko virusi ikwirakwira binyuze ku bikoresho bifatika, nk'disiki ishobora gutangiza mudasobwa, al icyurube kigezwa kuri interineti. Mu gihe virusi ifatira ku yindi porogaramu, icyurube ni inzira yigenga. Icyurube kyanduza umuyoboro aho kuba mudasobwa imwe gusa kuko gihererekanya amakuru n'ibindi bikoresho bihujwe na mudasobwa yari yamaze kwanduza.
Trojan
Trojan yamamaza ubwayo nk'porogaramu y'ingirakamaro. Bishobora kuba igikoresho cyo gusukura umwanya wa dosiye, cyangwa igikoresho cyihutisha mudasobwa yawe. Rimwe na rimwe, ushobora koko kubona icyo gikoresho cy'ingirakamaro kandi kigakora neza cyane. Trojan ishyirwaho hamwe n'porogaramu wifuza binyuze muri porogaramu yo kwishyiriraho (installer wizard) utabizi. Trojan ni uburyo bwo kugeza gusa.
Spyware
Intego ya spyware ni ukwiba amakuru yawe no kugenzura ibyo ukora. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'porogaramu za spyware kandi ntizandura gusa mudasobwa, telefone na tabuleti. Spyware isanzwe cyane ni keylogger. Ubwoko bumwe bwa spyware bwitwa RAM scraper, bukora cyane ku bikoresho by'amafaranga byo mu maduka (point of sale), bisobanura amashini yishyuriraho abakiriya. RAM scraper ifata amakuru y'ubwishyu y'abakiriya igihe aba ari mu bubiko bw'igikoresho akanya gato.
Adware
Adware igaragara mu buryo butandukanye, ariko akenshi ikorera mu igenamiterere ry'ibyuma bishakisha (browser) cyangwa urusobe rw'imiyoboro yawe. Intego ya adware ni ukugutera kureba amatangazo yunguka ushinzwe kuyigenzura. Adware ishobora gushyirwamo ihindura urubuga wasuye rukajyana ahandi hatari ho wari witeze.Ubundi buryo burimo gufata igenamiterere ry'ibyuma bishakisha bikongerwamo utumenyetso (toolbars) utifuza no guhindura moteri yawe isanzwe yo gushakisha.
Ransomware
Mu gitero cya ransomware, virusi ifunga amadosiye yose ari kuri mudasobwa yawe. Nta kintu kiba cyibwe cyangwa cyangijwe, ariko byose biba bifungiranywe kandi ntushobora kongera kubigeraho utishyuye umudayimoni amafaranga ngo abone urufunguzo rwo gufungura. Ibitero bya ransomware bikwirakwira vuba. Sisitemu zo gufunga zikoreshwa muri ibyo bitero akenshi zoherezwa na Trojans na worms.
Uko wirinda malware
Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kwirinda ubwoko bwose bwa malware ni bumwe ahanini
- Witondere aho ukura amadosiye yawe ukopera, kandi ubanze ukore ubushakashatsi mbere yo gukuramo porogaramu y'ubuntu ifasha.
- Gura kopi zemewe z'porogaramu, umuziki n'imikino, wirinde verisiyo z'ubuntu.
- Ntugakuremo porogaramu cyangwa amadosiye ya zip mu mbuga za torrent.
- Nk'ibintu by'ibanze birinda malware, menya neza ko ufungura porogaramu z'antivirus na firewall ziboneka muri sisitemu yawe y'imikorere.
- Reka antivirus na firewall bikore uhereye igihe mudasobwa itangiriye, kandi ubyemerere gusuzuma no kuvugurura byikora.
Ntuzigere ukuramo imigereka iva kuri imeyili. Niba wakiriye imeyili ivuye ku kigo mu gusubiza icyifuzo cyawe cy'amakuru, icyo gikoresho kigomba kuba gitekanye gukuramo. Ariko ujye witonda cyane ku mafaranga ya PDF n'amashusho ya Flash, ndetse n'iyo yaba yoherejwe nawe n'umuntu cyangwa ikigo uzi.
